200份陆地棉种质资源农艺性状遗传多样性分析

【目的】 研究本地棉花种质基因库,筛选出适于作杂交亲本的种质资源。【方法】 以200份棉花种质资源为材料,研究其形态指标的变异情况和遗传多样性,并以形态指标对 200 份种质进行聚类分析。【结果】 21个形态指标遗传多样性指数(H′)变幅范围在0~1.02。所有材料可划分成6大类,其中第1大类30份材料,茎色紫红色,种子短绒颜色灰褐色材料为主,可以作为彩色棉花育种资源;以170177为主的20份材料种子短绒着生稀毛,种子短绒颜色绿褐色可以作为早熟、无酚、耐高温的育种材料;第6大类50份,所占比例较大。【结论】 200份种质资源的遗传多样性丰富,第6大类50份,可以作为目前新疆育种材料亲本,主要特征为株型塔型,无茎毛,叶色深绿色,叶片大小中,无叶基斑,有限果枝类型,黄色花冠,黄色花药,种子短绒着生情况多毛,种子短绒颜色灰绿色,有种仁色素腺体,吐絮颜色白色。     

新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变分析

【目的】研究新疆春小麦育成品种遗传演变规律,提高小麦资源的利用效率,为新疆春小麦品种选育和改良提供参考依据。【方法】以新疆春小麦育成品种为材料,对其主要性状进行综合评价分析,以春小麦90K芯片开展新疆春小麦育成种亲缘关系分析。【结果】新疆春小麦育成种遗传多样性丰富,平均遗传多样性指数2.005,变幅为1.902~2.181。相关性分析结果表明,蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、穗粒数与育种年代呈极显著正相关。新疆春小麦品种选育主要是通过常规杂交育种、杂交辐射诱变育种、引种3种方式。利用小麦90K芯片将新疆春小麦育成种划分为3个类群,显示了各品种之间的亲缘关系。【结论】新疆春小麦育种遗传基础薄弱、遗传多样性逐渐散失,新疆小麦育种应加强资源收集与利用,扩大育种亲本选择,提高品种变异的丰度和广度,以多抗、高产稳产、优质高效的聚合育种,加快新品种选育进程,提高育种效率。     

Over 40% of 450 registered wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum) worldwide are composed of multiple biotypes

Many of 450 common wheat cultivars bred and registered during the twentieth century in 12 countries were proved, due to seed-by-seed analysis, to be composed of two or more biotypes differing in their alleles at the gliadin (Gli) loci. These multiple biotypes may be regarded as authentic progeny of the respective parent lines, as evidenced by the gliadin composition of the respective parents. Therefore, the official claim for each cultivar to be uniform is commonly not maintained in practice. The most frequent was a non-uniform cultivar composed of two biotypes differing at one Gli locus, but there were cultivars represented by a large set of related genotypes differing at several Gli loci. The proportion of the multi-biotype cultivars was never less than 15% for a country collection, exceeding 50% in other countries. This proportion differed significantly between neighbouring countries. In Australia, all multi-biotype cultivars were found in eastern states; in the state of Victoria, their frequency was statistically higher than in the rest of the country. The proportion of multi-biotype cultivars among newly-released cultivars decreased with time in Australia and the UK. Thus, the non-uniformity of registered cultivars represents a general and important phenomenon of common wheat as a crop.     

建昌马mtDNA D-loop区遗传多样性及系统进化分析

试验旨在以线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA)为切入点,研究建昌马的母系遗传多样性与系统进化。从建昌马(n=39)血液中提取基因组DNA,用PCR方法扩增mtDNA D-loop区并直接测序,分析其高变区247 bp序列信息,统计mtDNA D-loop区的单倍型及变异位点,计算单倍型多样性(haplotype diversity,Hd)、核苷酸多样性(nucleotide diversity,Pi)和平均核苷酸变异数(average number of nucleotide differences,K)。构建包括建昌马在内的19个品种马的NJ系统进化树,计算各品种间的遗传距离。结果显示,试验获得了清晰的PCR扩增产物,并通过直接测序方法获得了约1200 bp的序列。39匹建昌马mtDNA D-loop区247 bp序列(其中1个样品缺失1 bp)的AT碱基含量为61.45%,属AT碱基对富集区,检测到33个多态性位点,共显示26种单倍型,其中4种为共享单倍型,且Hap7和Hap1为优势单倍型,单倍型多样性为0.947,核苷酸多样性为0.02399,平均核苷酸变异数为5.901,显示丰富的母系遗传多样性;NJ系统进化树显示,建昌马分布在A、C、D、E、F、G共6个支系中,约50%的样品分布在A支系,显示出复杂的母系起源;建昌马与关中马的遗传距离最小(0.021),其次是三河马、文山马、韩国车巨马(0.024),与韩国济州岛马遗传距离最大(0.032)。本研究结果表明,建昌马的mtDNA D-loop高变区遗传多样性丰富,具有多个母系起源,且A支系占有明显优势,与关中马、文山马可能有共同的母系起源。     

h指数及其衍生指标评估兽用疫苗领域单篇专利的适用性探索

随着禽流感、非洲猪瘟等疾病的出现,兽用疫苗的开发研制成为了动物防疫体系建设的重要一环,同时兽用疫苗领域国际竞争日益激烈,直接影响到我国相关企业的生存和发展,因此国家必须加强对兽用疫苗领域专利质量和专利保护的重视.本文以计量学中的h指数及其衍生指标为对象,研究其与传统专利价值评估指标的关系,通过相关性分析来筛选评估兽用疫苗领域高价值专利的指标.结果表明:h指数、g指数和hg指数这三个指标,与传统专利价值评估指标相关性强,且计算简便,相对于传统指标,能够快速准确地对兽用疫苗领域专利价值进行预估.     

基于景观视角的防城港万尾金滩滨海护岸探析

防城港东兴市万尾金滩约10km的滨海护岸公路是生态防护、景观步道、旅游集散、防灾避险和渔船停泊等多种功能协调统于一体的滨海防护工程。通过实地调查测绘,基于园林景观的角度从海岸生态防护、水文特征、景观特性三个方面探讨了万尾金滩滨海护岸公路的合理性与不足。指出了滨海护岸工程如何在抵御风浪侵蚀的基础上体现场地的观赏性、便利性、生态性和安全性,以实现滨海护岸工程景观、功能和生态的有机结合。     

An efficient method to produce segregating populations in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Quinoa offers a promising alternative for staple food, considering its outstanding nutritional value and tolerance to abiotic stresses. To develop breeding programmes in quinoa, a reliable crossing method for increasing the genetic variation is required. In the following study, we aimed to develop segregating populations in quinoa. We tested the efficiency of three different crossing methods (hand emasculation, warm water emasculation and no emasculation). Moreover we developed a two-stage selection strategy based on morphological traits and molecular markers for the selection of hybrid plants. We reported hand emasculation to be the most efficient crossing method, followed by warm water emasculation and no emasculation. Our results demonstrated that crosses in quinoa can be successfully performed, despite its complicated flower structure and high self-pollination rate. Additionally, we developed 30 segregating populations from crosses between accessions of different origins with varying phylogenetic relationship, which offers a promising perspective for quinoa breeding programmes in the future.